Instrument Flight
Flight Procedures
on a chart, the clearance the pilot receives from the controller, or equipment availability. The next several
pages will discuss the clearances, holding communication, entries, pattern, and pattern corrections in
detail.
TACAN/VOR DME Holding
When you are instructed to hold in relation to a TACAN or VOR DME station, the radial, DME of the
holding fix, and DME limits of the pattern will be published (as on an approach plate) or will be assigned to
you by the controller (Figure 29).
Outbound Leg
(DME) Turn Point
Abeam
Holding Side
Outbound
Outbound
Fix End
End
Inbound
Reciprocal
Holding
Non-Holding Side
Holding
Course
Fix (DME)
(a) Standard Pattern : Right Turns (Illustrated)
(b) Nonstandard Pattern : Left Turns
Figure 29: STANDARD HOLDING PATTERN (TACAN)
A TACAN/VOR DME holding clearance will consist of the following instructions (if published holding
instructions are not available):
1. Direction of holding from the fix (e.g., W, NE, East)
2. Radial and DME of the holding fix
3. Outbound leg length or the outer limit of the pattern in nm (applicable DME)
4. Altitude
5. Direction of turns (if nonstandard, pilot request, or controller considers information necessary)
6. Expected further clearance (EFC) time
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