IRFP-01
Metro Review
c.
Report encounter to ATC as soon as possible
Note: With proper technique, high performance aircraft will be
able to fly out of some microbursts, but not out of all.
Avoidance is the best course of action, but if a microburst is
encountered, recognition and reaction prior to being caught
“low and slow” are the only safeguards.
C. Structural ice 21.1.1.4.2
Fig 8: Structural
Icing
WARNING: All structural ice, including frost, should be removed
from all surfaces of the aircraft prior to takeoff.
1. Conditions of formation
a. Visible moisture must be present
b. Occurs most commonly near freezing level
c.
Can form when flying through areas of
(1) Supercooled water droplets
(2) Freezing rain
(3) Wet snow
2. Types
a. Clear ice
(1) Found predominantly in convective/cumuliform clouds with
large water droplets such as in thunderstorms
(2) Most common between 0 degrees C and -10 degrees C,
but can occur as low as -25 degrees C
NOTE: In thunderstorms, icing can be found at any
altitude above the freezing level, creating an additional
known hazard.
(3) Also formed by freezing rain
(4) Smooth, clear appearance—very hard and heavy
(5) Very dangerous
(a) Accumulates rapidly
(b) Resistant to deicing systems
(c) Slow to sublimate or melt in non-icing environment
(d) Alters shape of wing--decreases lift, increases drag
(8-97) Change 1
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