Tactical Formation
Background
BACKGROUND
LOOSE DEUCE
Loose deuce is the Navy’s tactical doctrine for air-to-air warfare in which a section of fighters can
coordinate sequential attacks against a single adversary as a free and an engaged fighter in
offensive and defensive situations. Loose deuce consists of a section in combat spread utilizing
proper lookout, precise execution of maneuvers, mutual support by presence, and clear, concise
1,000 ft
3/4 to 1 nm
Abeam
Figure 1: COMBAT SPREAD
COMBAT SPREAD
Combat spread is a section tactical formation maximizing mutual support. It is based on the concept
that two aircraft are separated so they cannot be attacked as a single unit, but are close enough to
support each other. The wingman is positioned 3/4 to 1 nm abeam the lead with a stepup of 1,000 ft
(Figure 1). The lateral and vertical separation is based on visual detectability of the enemy, threat
weapon system envelopes, fighter turn radius, and threat environment. Proper aircraft positioning in
combat spread maximizes maneuverability against air-to-air or surface-to-air threats and forces early
commitment by the threat.
Lead Responsibilities
The lead must ensure mutual support through a successful lookout doctrine, communications, and
flight safety. Flying tactical formation in training, the lead must ensure that the specific training
objectives for the flight are met, keep the section in the training area, and adhere to all other training
rules.
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