Figure 1-8 Estimating Distances by Comparison

CHAPTER ONE

LOW-LEVEL AND TACTICAL FORMATION

Figure 1-8 Estimating Distances by Comparison

Position Fixing. Checkpoints are used to determine a fix. A fix is a definite position or

point on the ground indicating the position of the aircraft at a definite time. You establish a fix

by noting the relationship of the aircraft to one or more checkpoints. There are three basic types

of fixes. The simplest type of fix is flying directly over a checkpoint. A second type of fix is

distance and direction from a checkpoint. An example of this type of fix is knowing that your

aircraft is 5 miles north of a small town. The third type of fix is establishing aircraft position by

its direction from two checkpoints. An example of this type of fix is placing the aircraft north of

a town and west of a lake.

Turnpoints. Fly directly over turnpoints unless deviating for known threats or when

making timing corrections. When approaching the turnpoint, ensure the PAC positively

identifies the correct point. Over or abeam the point say "ready, ready, turn" to ensure that

everyone knows it is a turnpoint and not a checkpoint.

Corrections to Course and Time. You will find you can get very close to a target simply

by using DR navigation. Use the chart for course control and timing accuracy. Occasionally,

you will find it necessary to make an in-flight correction to course or airspeed because of

improper heading control, improper power control, faulty flight planning, winds stronger than

forecast, etc. Making in-flight corrections to course and time are simple, however you must

know how far off course you are before determining a correction. Making a correction without

knowing your exact location typically results in greater error!

Course Corrections. Use the following techniques, in the following order, to correct

course deviations:

Aim for a feature in the distance that is on course. Before selecting your point,

ensure you are on course and have rechecked your heading system for accuracy. This

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